# 1) Blockchain

Blockchain technology is essential in the real estate market because it has the potential to resolve inefficiencies and opacity in real estate transactions. Blockchain’s transparency, security, reliability, and decentralized transaction methods are seen as tools to address various issues in the real estate sector.

#### 1] Improving Transparency and Reliability

\- Immutability of Transaction Records

* Blockchain Characteristics:Blockchain encrypts data into blocks, which are connected like a chain. Once recorded, data cannot be modified or deleted, greatly enhancing transparency and reliability in real estate transactions.
* Advantages for Real Estate Transactions:By storing records of real estate sales, leases, and ownership transfers on the blockchain, all stakeholders can view this information in real-time, ensuring it is trustworthy and resistant to tampering.
* Example:Buyers, sellers, agents, and banks can share the same information in real-time, ensuring transparency in ownership transfers and contract completion.

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\- Fraud Prevention

* Preventing Ownership and Document Tampering:One major issue in real estate is the manipulation of ownership documents or contracts. However, since blockchain records are immutable, tampering with ownership documents or contracts becomes impossible.
* Case:In some countries, fraud occurs when fake ownership documents are used to sell or lease properties. Blockchain can help prevent such fraud.

#### 2] Cost Reduction and Increased Transaction Efficiency

\- Reducing Brokerage Fees

* Reduction in Brokerage and Documentation Costs:Blockchain enables transactions to proceed automatically via smart contracts, reducing the need for intermediaries. Real estate transactions incur significant costs in brokerage fees, legal consultation fees, and documentation, which blockchain technology can help reduce.
* Smart Contracts:Smart contracts can automate transactions based on preset conditions in real estate deals, thus reducing brokerage costs.
* Example:Using a smart contract that transfers ownership automatically upon payment simplifies complex procedures like legal documentation processing.

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\- Increasing Transaction Speed

\* Issues in Traditional Real Estate Transactions:Traditional real estate transactions often involve complex paperwork and numerous verification procedures, which can take days or weeks. Automating ownership transfers and contract fulfillment with blockchain simplifies these procedures and accelerates transaction speed.

\* Case:In some countries like the UK and the USA, blockchain applications in real estate have shortened the ownership transfer process from several weeks to less than a day.

#### 3] Decentralization and Global Accessibility

\- Borderless Transactions

* Digitalization of Real Estate and Global Transactions:By digitizing real estate ownership on the blockchain, global investors can easily access real estate. Blockchain reduces legal and administrative steps associated with cross-border real estate transactions, thus increasing liquidity in the global real estate market.
* Digital Assetization:Tokenizing real estate and dividing it into parts that investors worldwide can trade allows investors of various scales to participate in the market more easily.
* Example:Investors can securely complete real estate transactions remotely without traveling overseas by using blockchain.

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\- Reduced Dependence on Centralized Systems

* Decreased Need for Centralized Institutions:Traditional real estate transactions rely heavily on intermediaries such as banks, notaries, and government agencies. Blockchain reduces dependency on these entities, enabling decentralized transactions based on trust between parties.
* Case:The need for a centralized registry system to verify ownership and complete transactions is eliminated, as the blockchain network itself serves as the trust mechanism for direct transactions.

#### 4] Enhanced Security

\- Ensuring Data Integrity

* Robust Security of Blockchain:Blockchain, based on distributed ledger technology, provides high security against hacking and data tampering. Real estate transaction records, ownership information, and contracts stored on a distributed network are difficult to hack or modify.
* Prevention of Data Tampering:Data recorded on the blockchain is stored across all nodes. To alter it, a majority of the network would have to be hacked, which is nearly impossible, ensuring data integrity in real estate information.
* Case:The risk of past records being tampered with or corrupted in ownership disputes is nearly eliminated.

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\- Mitigating Cybersecurity Issues

* Prevention of Cybercrime:Traditional real estate systems may be susceptible to cyberattacks, but blockchain’s decentralized structure is more resilient. This can play an important role in reducing cybercrime in the real estate market.
* Example:Blockchain can prevent incidents of real estate brokerage sites or registry systems being hacked, protecting ownership information from being compromised or stolen.

#### 5] Increased Liquidity of Real Estate Assets

\- Tokenization of Real Estate

* Issuing Partial Ownership of Real Estate:By tokenizing real estate assets on the blockchain, ownership can be divided, allowing small investors to participate in real estate investment. This increases liquidity and grants more people access to the real estate market.
* Example:Dividing ownership of a building into multiple tokens and selling them to small investors simplifies real estate ownership.
* Liquid Market:Real estate is traditionally an illiquid asset market, taking time to liquidate assets. Tokenized real estate, however, can be easily traded on cryptocurrency exchanges or blockchain platforms, increasing liquidity.

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\- Automated Management of Rentals and Revenue Distribution

* Automated Rental Management with Smart Contracts:Blockchain enables automation of rental contracts. Rent payments, contract renewals, and revenue sharing can be automated with smart contracts, reducing friction between landlords and tenants and saving management costs.
* Example:Smart contracts enable automatic rent payments, which are immediately distributed to the landlord per the contract, with renewals or terminations also automated.

#### 6] Environmental and Social Sustainability

\- Reduction in Paper Documentation

* Digital Transaction Records:Blockchain allows all documentation related to real estate transactions to be digitalized, eliminating the need for paper and enabling environmentally sustainable real estate transactions. This contributes to reducing the real estate industry’s carbon footprint.
* Case:Documents like registry extracts, contracts, and notarized papers are all digitalized, securely stored, and accessible at any time.

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\- Enhancing Social Transparency and Fairness

* Increasing Transparency in the Real Estate Market:Blockchain’s transparent system prevents information imbalance, corruption, and under-the-table transactions among market participants. This can enhance fairness and transparency, especially in public housing or land development projects.
* Example:Managing land distribution and fair bidding in public real estate development projects through blockchain can prevent corruption and unethical transactions.

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Blockchain technology is essential in the real estate market because it effectively addresses inefficiencies, opacity, cost issues, and fraud risks in real estate transactions. Blockchain enables innovations like transparent transaction records, automated smart contracts, enhanced security, and ease of global transactions, fostering an environment where more people can access real estate assets.
